Geography of India

Geography of India

1. Introduction

India is the 7th largest country by area and 1st in population (as of 2023). Its geography has shaped its rich history and diverse culture.

2. Location and Size

• Latitudinal Extent: 8°4'N to 37°6'N
• Longitudinal Extent: 68°7'E to 97°25'E
• Total Area: ~3.28 million sq km
• Land Boundary: ~15,200 km
• Coastline: ~7,516.6 km
• Neighbours: Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Maldives

3. Physiography of India

• Northern Mountains (Himalayas)
• Northern Plains
• Peninsular Plateau
• Indian Desert (Thar)
• Coastal Plains
• Islands – Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep

4. Climate

India has a tropical monsoon climate with four major seasons:

• Winter (Dec–Feb)
• Summer (Mar–May)
• Monsoon (Jun–Sep)
• Retreating Monsoon (Oct–Nov)

5. Natural Vegetation

• Tropical Rainforests
• Tropical Deciduous Forests
• Thorn Forests and Scrubs
• Mountain Vegetation
• Mangroves

6. Population

India’s population is over 1.4 billion, making it the most populous country. It is marked by immense cultural and ethnic diversity.

7. Population Growth and Distribution

Population density is highest in the Northern Plains and lowest in deserts and mountains. Urbanization is rapidly increasing.

8. Migration

• Internal migration (rural to urban)
• Causes: jobs, education, marriage, disasters
• Effects: urban crowding, cultural diversity, remittances

9. Population and Sustainable Development

Overpopulation strains resources. Sustainable development includes education, healthcare, green technology, and resource management.

10. Brief Introduction to Indian Economy

• Mixed Economy: Agriculture, Industry, Services
• Major Sectors: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
• India is among the top global economies by PPP

11. Political Divisions

• States: 28
• Union Territories: 8
• Capital: New Delhi
• Largest State (Area): Rajasthan
• Most Populous State: Uttar Pradesh
• Federal system with central and state governments